Strategic Management Solution on Singtel Telecommunications Free Solut

Question: Discuss about the Strategic Management for Singtel Telecommunications. Answer: Introduction: The telecommunication industry was initially based on the traditional telephone calls to generate revenue. Today operators today are focussing on the benefits of 4G. Thus mobile and internet services have become important to the revenue that these companies make. Porter (2008, p. 13; Hubbard Beamish 2011, p. 13), argues that the internet has become the most important element of the value chain in the communication sector. In 2000 the Singapore government introduced full market competition by removing limits on licenses with operators having the freedom to decide the range of services to offer. Singtel has five main components in the supply chain: suppliers, infrastructure, operations, products, and distribution. The company runs its telecommunication network in areas of mobile, fixed broadband, digital sales and managed services. Under this value chain, the company has three business units group digital life, group consumer and group enterprise (Sigtel 2016, pp. 6). Group consumer is the largest business unit accounting for 61.3% of the companys revenue. The investments are vast within Singapore but extend to other countries like Australia, Thailand, India, Indonesia, Philippines, Bangladesh and Africa. The services under this business unit provide pay TV, fixed broadband, mobile, and voice data. The consumer division in Singapore has a customer subscriber base of 4.1 million subscribers, 0.6 million on broadband, 0.4 million pay TV subscribers. This makes SingTel to rely on a broad market that has kept the company moving. Group enterprise accounts for 36.7% of the companys revenue, by providing IT solutions to both corporate and the government. With these, they provide services in cyber security, Enterprise cloud services and smart cities. This is further driven by the fact that the country is under transformation to a smart nation across the Asian region. Group digital life is the next trend that the company is focussing on interconnectivity nature of the consumer. The mobile and Internet usage within the country is growing fast which made the company position itself in three major areas of digital marketing, video streaming, and data analytics. With these three segments, the company uses three brands of HOOQ, Amobee and data spark. Key competencies of SingTel Singtel is one of the market leaders in Singapore in mobile and broadband markets. The company has 47% market share in the mobile market with a total market share of approximately 3.98 million customers. The company operates a 4G network within the country and was the first telecommunication company to make it accessible t customers. This enables internet users to browse at high speed of 150mbs. The company has further enjoyed benefiting from the infrastructure within the country by giving 52% of the shares to the government. Due to this, the provider posses licenses for all mobile services under a non-exclusive basis. With this, the operator has increased its operation base and spread across Australia to give similar services. With the exclusive rights that the company has, it controls patent rights within that give competitive advantage. Since the government is the regulator, the licensing As one of the market leaders in the sector, Signet has three approaches that target its growth strategy to increase profitability. The company has started by initiating foreign investments in other countries. With this, the company has advanced its acquisition advanced info service, Bharti, Airtel Group, Globe Telecom and Telkomsel. This has thus increased the profitability of the company and made it a global giant in Singapore. This strategy is aimed at growing the international market to increase business opportunities due to Macro environmental analysis of the Indonesian market The telecommunication industry has changed since the last 20 years from government monopoly to open industries. This has increased competition due to the emergence of international giants in the sector. The telecommunication industry has become one of the booming industries in the world. The business environment consists of both the micro and macro environments that a business operates. The micro environment entails the competitors, customers, marketing intermediaries and competitors; they are the strengths and weaknesses that the organization has partial control over (Barney 1991, p. 9). However, macro environment entails external factors like economic trends, demographic factors, technological factor, political factors and cultural factors. They are the opportunities and threats that any business experiences with lack of control over them. The macro environment of an industry is analysed through carrying out a PESTLE analysis (Hoy Stanworth 2003, p.21). Political factors are a result of government regulations that impact the telecommunication industry. Singapore law restricts tariffs that are set by the telecommunication industry. Every country protects its citizens by setting certain regulations that tend to control the industry. Laws and legislations passed by the government affect the industry by setting restrictions and tariffs that need to be observed (Rothaermel 2012, p. 7). Economic factors are based on GDP and the interest rates that exist within a particular economy. Businesses that are in serious competition need to stay and resist economic challenges. Tariffs are also a result of the economic trends within the country. Economic policies like debts and fluctuations affect the business directly. The cash flows are based on the dollar, Euro and Rupiah which affect conversion rates and thus affecting the industry. Indonesia and Singapore also enjoy bilateral relations that have made Singapore the top investor in Indonesia which increases opportunities for SingTel (Reutterer, Mild, Natter and Taudes 2006, p. 47). Social factors are based on the way customers utilize the available services. It has become a global concern that the onset of mailing and digital imaging changed the sector. The rise of Skype and social media changed the traditional communication sector with people also changing communication trends. Trends in communication in Indonesia match trends in other markets where telecommunication services are investing heavily in band width and internet services to satisfy customers. The country has a steadily growing population at a rate of 1.1% which gives market for the provider. Majority of the population are young people who need modern technologies. The increasing youthful population utilises more data than the larger population. SingTel has to invest heavily in modern technologies like 4G that will enable the youth to utilise the services (Cavusgil, Knight Riesenberger 2008, p.12; Barney 2001, p. 43). Technological factors have been a major contributor on how telecommunication companies operate and survive in the market. Technology has changed the world making companies to invest heavily in new technologies to satisfy the customer base. The country demographic nature has made 4G investment expensive. However the need for higher speed means it has to invest in 4G. Singtel Indonesia has increased its connectivity by being the first internet provider in the country to set up 4G services. Furthermore, the technology sector has developed with several smart phone brands existing within the country. The country has laid an infrastructure in the communication industry that is fostered by the effective broadcasting strategy adopted by the government (Foss and Knudsen 2003, p. 297). Environmental factors are based on the geographical location of the country. The public opinion of Singtel within Indonesia is good making the provider enjoy goodwill within the country. The business environment is rapidly changing due to new inventions that each country is trying to develop to increase service delivery. This, therefore, enables SingTel to supply customers with cheap material at a lower cost. However, the Indonesian geographical island structure has made it expensive to install cables across the country. Legal factors relate to the legislations that affect the industry, the country introduced company law that allows every company to be a legal entity. The framework for the telecommunications industry comprises specific laws and government regulations that are developed and issue from time to time. The telecommunications law sets guidelines that reform the industry by detailing principles and provisions in the line of business. The two countries also enjoy bilateral relations and being members of Non-Aligned Movement and APEC. Therefore Singapore enjoys very few legal regulations in Indonesia and thus makes investment easier than any other country. The market is easy to enter so long as a competitor meets the requirements as per the law. The tax system within the country is rated between 10 to 15%, and therefore this has a net effect on the tariffs that companies set. Singtel is also affected since it has to set a tariff that meets the profit margin enables payment of company tax. How SingTel competes in the telecommunication industry Indonesia is one of the largest growing economies with opportunities in the communication sector. The young population have disposable income while the country has outpaced its GDP in the recent years providing more income. The telecom providers have to provide a reliable connection across the country and the population. This youthful population demands for cellular data and high connection speed leading to the need for 4G. This population on the other hand has increased cellular subscriptions providing a highly competitive market. Singtel faces major competition from Telkomsel, Strahub and M1. The major competitors have a higher market share within the country with Star-hub offering a higher dividend yield of 5.56% as compared to SingTels 4.78%. This therefore attracts investors who may increase the capital base of the company. Porters five forces reveal that the company has to struggle with competition which gives customers available options within the market customers have a higher bargaining power due to the availability of transparency in pricing making customers analyse the price. The business environment has high barriers to entry as a result of infrastructural costs and the economies of scale owned by the top three companies. Bargaining power of suppliers is high due to the need for the company to invest in new technologies and compete. Low switching costs with the industry have increased threat of substitutes. Furthermore customers are sensitive to prices and continue switching when a new price is offered by any other provider. Competitive rivalry within the industry is high due to the bargaining power of the consumers which leads to price wars. The key drivers of the market are population growth and the emergence of smart phones. This has led to large utilization of telecom services making companies reap more. Therefore SingTel is competing by identifying drivers within each business segment that it operates. For the group consumer, the company has increased coverage quality to ensure speed that satisfies customer experience. In the group enterprise the company has started the cyber security line and further formed partnership with Microsoft for application services. Furthermore, the demand for the premium over the top video has led the company to partner with Sony Pictures Television and Warner Bros that will enable development of a new revenue stream. SingTel has good financial ratios that have led to the higher investment in mobile networks to increase revenue. The company has taken advantage of its higher net profit margin to increase the market share. The company is diversifying its services across different markets. The company gets 74% of its revenue from regions that are outside the mother country. This reduces the vulnerability and the risks that the company may face from selected markets. The company takes advantage of any growth opportunity that can develop in these regions. The company can enter into the partnerships and joint ventures which accounted for the companies increased profit in 2015. Joint ventures are important especially if the company ventures with leaders in specific countries. This is because some of these partners have not fully exploited the available market opportunities in the area. For example in India only 32% of the customers use mobile data which provides a large unexploited market. An analysis of the business environment of SingTel using Ansoffs matrix reveals strategic opportunities that have made the company more productive than other companies. The company keeps growing by penetrating new markets every time. The company traces its roots back in the US and today it has invested in many Asian countries by entering emerging economies. It is one of the major operators in Asia with a bigger presence (Porter Kramer 2006, p. 81; David David FR 2008, p. 47). Kotler Armstrong (2007, p. 7) suggest that the need to stay relevant in business means that firms become innovative and develop products that are new to the market. New products create more opportunities to the company which results in a larger customer base. The company changed its business segments and developed three business units: Group Consumer, Group Enterprise and Group Digital Life. The company has also developed applications used for different purposes in business. Different modes of entry available in the market Carmen (2009, p. 33) argues that entry into new markets can be difficult for a new firm or product. To enter a new market has to establish a particular niche that it can exploit to be able to control the market. Firms that are already in the market develop strategies that ensure that no new entrants can manage entering the market. Allowing new entrants increases competition which reduces profit margins within the firm. The decision to penetrate a new market is the achievement of long term strategic decision that sees the company move to the next level. Companies consider different factors that determine the decision to make when entering a foreign market. There are two major market entry models used by organizations to enter a new market through exports or contractual agreements (Thompson, Strickland, Gamble 2005, p. 23; Waterschoot 2000, p. 187). SingTel has been in the world of telecommunication for quite some time having started from offering telecommunication calls to a wide range of products today. The company has existed independently by running telecommunication services. However, the rise of technology and invention of new products within the telecommunication sector have led to development of new products in the market. New trends in communication are forcing companies to offer platforms that meet the needs of the customer. An educated young generation has led to service providers putting every foot forward to develop technology that can keep them in businesses (Manoj . Shilpa 2013, p. 19; Burton 1995, p. 5) Therefore SingTel can enter into joint ventures with other companies that exist in the market, or it can penetrate a market directly. Depending on the type of product that the company is offering the market, the company can enter into a venture with other firms or it can develop an independent product that can suit the need of the customer (Murray, Ju, and Gao, 2012, p. 55). Ventures help a business to access new markets, share the risks, costs and critical experience that the other business has. Vaidya(2009, p. 12) argues that to penetrate new markets ventures are the easiest option that a company can use. Working with Bharti Airtel, Sony Pictures, Globe Telecom, PT Telekomunikasi, Selular and Advanced Info Service increases market share. Merchant Schendel (2000, p. 739) suggests that joint ventures should be chosen carefully since they can result in the creation of a new competitor and thus reduce the diluted profit. They are also not always profitable since they are affected by f actors like, technology, market place developments, and economic down falls. Therefore the need for proper planning and responsibility sharing is critical in success of any joint venture. Conclusion The business environment is dynamic and keeps changing every time. The telecommunications sector is one of the industries that face changing patterns based on many factors. Companies based in this line of business keep developing new products that meet different needs of the customer. A large customer base and youthful population attracts many companies to join the communications sector (Jobber 2006, p. 12). The population is segmented along business lines that need to be analysed every time. Entering into business ventures is one way of penetrating new markets and increasing the market share. References Barney, J. B. (1991). Firm Resources and Sustained Competitive Advantage. Journal of Management, Vol. 17, pp.99120. Barney, Jay, Is the resource-based view a useful perspective for strategic management research? Yes, Academy of Management Review, 2001, Vol. 26, No. 1, 41-56. Burton J., Composite strategy: the combination of collaboration and competition, Journal of General Management, vol. 21, no. 1, pp.1-23 (1995). Carmen Gasparott, 2009. The internal and external environment analysis of Romanian naval industry with SWOT model. Journal of Interactive Marketing, Vol 21(3), 4759. Cavusgil,T.; Knight,G. Riesenberger, J., 2008.International Business - Strategy, Management and the New Realities, London, Pearson. Cadle J, Paul D Turner P, 2010. Business analysis techniques, 72 Essential tools for success, BSC The Chattered Institute for IT. David ME, David FR, David FR, 2008. The Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (Qspm) Applied To A Retail Computer Store. Coast. Bus. J., 8 (1): 42-52. Foss Nicolai and Knudsen Thorbjrn, June 2003. The Resource-Based Tangle: Towards a Sustainable Explanation of Competitive Advantage, Managerial and Decision Economics, Vol. 24, No. 4, 291-307. Hoy, F. Stanworth, J., 2003. Franchising: an international perspective, London, Routledge. Hubbard, G. P. Beamish, 2011. Strategic management: thinking, analysis, action, Pearson Education Australia. Jobber D.: Principles Practices of Marketing, McGraw Hill, England, 200 Kotler, P., Armstrong, G. 2007. Principles of Marketing.. Beijing: Tsinghua University Press. Manoj Kumar . Shilpa Sharma, 2013. Leadership Management: Principles, Models, and Theories. Global Journal of Management and Business Studies. Volume 3, Number 3, pp. 309-318. Martinez P. A., Lopez J. E. N., 2009. Making Foreign Market Entry Decisions Wiley Periodicals, Inc., A Wiley Company, Volume 28, Issue 2 pp. 5259 Merchant, H., Schendel, D., 2000. How do international joint ventures create shareholder value? Strategic Management Journal, 21(7), 723737. Murray Janet Y., Ju Min, and Gao Gerald Y., 2012. Foreign Market Entry Timing Revisited: Trade-off Between Market Share Performance and Firm Survival, Journal of International Marketing, American Marketing Association, Vol. 20, No. 3, 2012, pp. 5064 Porter M. E Kramer M.R., 2006. Strategy and society, the link between competitive advantage and corporate social responsibility, Harvard Business Review, pp 78-92. Porter, Michael E., 2008. On Competition; 11th edition; Boston: Harvard Business Press. Priem, Richard and Butler, John, Is the resource-based view a useful perspective for strategic management research?, Academy of Management Review, 2001a, Vol. 26, No. 1, 22-40. Reutterer, T., Mild, A., Natter, M. and Taudes, A., 2006. A dynamic segmentation approach for targeting and customizing direct marketing campaigns, Journal of Interactive Marketing, 20(3/4), 4352. Rothaermel, F. T., 2012. Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Singtel, 2016. Financial results retrieved from https://info.singtel.com/about-us/investor-relations/financial-results?dispatcher=302. Thompson, A. A., Strickland, A. J., Gamble, J. E., 2005. Crafting and executing strategy: The quest for competitive advantage: Concepts and cases (4thed.). McGraw Hill, Irwin. Vaidya, Sameer, 2009. International Joint Ventures: an Integrated Framework. Competitiveness Review: An International Business Journal. Vol. 19, No. 1. Waterschoot Walter van, 2000. The Marketing Mix as a Creator of Differentiation, in Blois Keith, The Oxford Textbook of Marketing, New York, Oxford University Press.

Choosing Get Essay on Sale

Choosing Get Essay on Sale What You Don't Know About Get Essay on Sale Clients commonly get the inappropriate comprehension of crafting essays. Acquire Essay instantly Tailor-made crafting from the beginning is not really usually ideal, as you might not want your goals which should be spent. Personalized documents can be gotten from a trustworthy service for one to buy. It's extremely convenient and quick procedures to attain an essay you desired. It actually is rather easy to buy essay here. An essay is a fast text, which describes your personal views for a particular subject. Even a brilliant essay cannot get a great grade if it doesn't answer the question. If it's necessary to create a superb essay isn't always a huge range of books read and reviewed many sites. Decide in regards to what you might love to convey in your article and put it straight into words. The sounds have gotten top quality and many you're ready to pick from. In fact, the inventor of the record copywriting an article be anyone is in a position to write and feign to be a writer. To acquire a paper you needs to make a buy. It's possible for you to aquire essay papers online at intelligent fees. If you should purchase essay paper for hire, you should don't hesitate to get in touch with us, for we provide our clients with absolutely free cover page, totally free plagiarism report, absolutely free revisions, absolutely free outline, totally free bibliography, free editing and totally free formatting. Don't be worried in case the paper you received doesn't satisfy all of your own expectations. The solitary web web web site you will need to look at working with when you might actually wish to discover personalized essays about the globe web that's wide. Our site is rather simple in utilization. Our website is just one of the most appropriate for essay help. Everything is all up to a customer. Students don't get worried about the originality of the work since they also receive a plagiarism check report at the close of the practice. When they do not understand how to complete and write an essay, they immediately google essays for sale online trying to find a decent online service. Many students in high schools or universities need to compose an essay for a particular topic during a specific portion of their learning. There are a number of university students, college students and higher school students who've been facing lots of issues with essay paper for hire. Make sure in the event your money-back guarantee is simply provided by an exceptional service. To start with, you're likely to want study materials. It's even more discouraging once you're bared from obtaining a top-quality essay as a result of prohibitive prices taking part. There's no increased approach to be sure you're taking a look at college essays on the current market that will positively permit you to receive the grades you desire. You are also able to get an essay whilst making yes you're doing everything exactly the way that's same your works. Among the biggest methods to better realize each type of essay is definitely to review examples. If the idea of finding someone who knows the way to write a nice and affordable paper for you doesn't depart from your mind, then you've come to a correct location. The most apparent issue is you will be supplied a good deal of paper writing tasks when you're in college.

How to Write a Comparative Essay Topic - Discover How to Write an Effective Comparison Essay Topic

How to Write a Comparative Essay Topic - Discover How to Write an Effective Comparison Essay TopicIn order to write a good comparative essay, you will need to know how to compare and contrast. In this article I am going to show you how to write a more effective comparative essay topic.So how do you go about writing a better comparative essay topic? Well, there are two main things that you should consider. These two things will help you write a much better comparison essay topic.Firstly, you need to draw your own knowledge from your own knowledge. Try to write something from your own experiences. You will be able to show a better insight into the subject of the paper. There is nothing more frustrating than a student who has no idea what the subject of the paper is.Secondly, you will need to read up on the subject of the paper. If you do not read up on the subject thoroughly, you are likely to make many mistakes, which will seriously hamper your chances of being able to show an adequat e understanding of the subject.How do you go about writing a better comparative essay topic? The first thing that you need to do is to look up the different sub subjects of the essay. For example, if you were looking at the question 'How to write a job application,' you would need to look up the various ways that a candidate for a job application can meet their qualifications. You need to look up the different requirements for the different jobs, the different test that the applicant will need to pass to be qualified for those jobs, the age requirements and so on.You also need to consider the way that candidates are likely to present themselves. It would be really helpful if you could look up the way that candidates can present themselves tothe management. Also, you need to consider the methods that candidates use in order to measure up against their qualifications. This might be the most important of all aspects.If you did these things, you will know that you have learned how to wr ite a more effective comparative essay topic. Remember that a truly good article is not something that you can just take off the internet and write. You need to put in the work and you need to research on your subject well.

Teenage Drinking Essay Topics

Teenage Drinking Essay TopicsTeenage drinking is very common among teenagers, but this doesn't mean that there aren't interesting teen drinking essay topics available. You can write a great and interesting essay on any of the different topics that will be related to teen drinking.First, you should try to find out what other teenagers are writing about their drinking. You might want to ask a friend of yours who has just been involved in their first drunken binge. If you are really looking for a unique article topic for your teen, you can find articles online that contain great ideas and tactics for teenagers.There are many websites that have plenty of information about drinking and getting drunk. If you look for a website online that focuses on teen drinking, there are hundreds to choose from. You can visit a website and read some great essays and articles about teen drinking. You can also use a lot of search engines to locate a lot of interesting articles and essays.Next, you will wa nt to research and find out why teens drink. Teenagers do this because of peer pressure, a thirst for excitement, and because they don't know any better. Teenagers are more likely to drink because they don't know any better. There are many different reasons for teenagers to drink.Teenagers who want to make a quick buck or are high school dropouts will be a lot more likely to drink. The risk of harming themselves and others is high for a high school dropout. The big problem with teens who drink is that they don't know any better. It can be very hard for a teen to avoid drinking because they think that it is a social norm.You can get lots of ideas for writing about teenage drinking. There are thousands of articles available online and some of them deal with ideas and tactics for teenagers. You can also find forums that focus on teens drinking. If you go to a forum online where people talk about things like this, you can find a lot of good ideas for writing an essay.When researching fo r writing ideas for teenagers, the best way to find some really interesting teen drinking essay topics is to just surf the internet. If you have a large library at home, you can always take the time to visit the library and read the books. If you don't have a large library at home, you might want to look into renting a special computer at the library. Using the internet can be a lot of fun, and it can give you many great ideas for writing an essay about teen drinking.

Writing Controversial Topics Essay

Writing Controversial Topics EssayA controversial topics essay is one that you'll be asked to write for a class. It can be anything, even if it's a really important topic. Sometimes it will be a really difficult subject, but when you're writing a controversial topics essay you can do great things.For example, let's say that you're writing an essay on divorce. While the topic of divorce is a very difficult topic to write about, it's not one that's politically incorrect.There are many other examples of controversial topics essays, such as what you might write on - patriotism, war, and politics. You could even write a controversial topics essay about - sex and religion. There are many topics that can be controversial, but the only way to learn is by doing.When you're writing a controversial topics essay, you'll want to keep it fresh, and in line with your personality. This is a way that you can test your own opinions about these subjects.When you do this, it's easy to see why this type of controversial topics is something that you'll want to do. You can test your own views and conclusions about controversial topics on your essay. It also allows you to keep your writing up to date and to keep writing interesting thoughts that keep you interested.When you're writing this type of essay, you'll want to think about the most important question that you're trying to answer. It's really important that you find a very interesting and logical answer to this question. It should be one that's an interesting experience for you, and you're going to want to include this in your essay.If you want to write a controversial topics essay, then you need to find the best topic to use. It should be something that you can work with and fit in to your own personality, so that you can come up with a topic that you feel like you have something to say.

The Differences between the Chinese Guanxi (Connections) and Australians

Table of Contents Introduction How business is conducted in Guanxi How to establish a relationship in Guanxi Differences of Australian’s networking with guanxi Conclusion Bibliography Footnotes Introduction Guanxi is Chinese word that means relationships, any kind of relationships. In the business culture, it simply refers to the network relationships that exist among business partners that cooperate and support each other. Guanxi networks are borne of the Chinese mentality that could be understood as â€Å"you scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.† 1 In this spirit, parties are expected to exchange favors regularly and voluntarily.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Differences between the Chinese Guanxi (Connections) and Australian’s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In doing business successfully in China, acquiring the right Guanxi is very important in that the risks, frustratio ns and disappointments that easily discourage foreigners are minimized. Acquiring a Guanxi with the relevant authorities in regard to ones business will put your business into a long time competitive advantage2. Moreover, for any business enterprise in China a series of risks, barriers, and setups it experiences can be discouraging or render it unable to survive in the market but with the correct Guanxi working for your business, these barriers are eliminated 3. This fact has been refuted by4 who says that benefits of Guanxi in business performance have been exaggerated and cannot be proven since there is not enough data due to the secrecy that shrouds the practice. Establishing and nurturing a guanxi is a taxing investment in terms of resources and time but in the long run, these investments pay from the favors a person receives from partners especially when they are needed. A common phenomenon in domestic businesses, in the country, is where a strong network of suppliers, retailer s, banks and local government official are working together. In this circle, a common culture is where members visit each other’s residence on social visits and brings gifts to the hosts in terms of wine, cigarettes etc. In the western culture, this may be viewed as intrusion, but in China, this is another arena for furthering business interests as 5 observes. Australian networking takes the western route. This means creating an opportunity to meet and build rapport with people who can help in career development if one is looking for a job, chances of meeting new people and exchanging ideas if one is interested in social networking and chances of connecting businesses for business owners and entrepreneurs 6. This is done through networking events, groups or online.Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Networking organizations such as Networking World in Australia are bu siness organizations that offer networking services for businesses to join networking groups or events. Business networking is built over time through sharing information and building trust though this is done in a more formal way than in Guanxi. Businesses networking is done as a long term strategy for people mainly want to judge others professionalism, expertise and confidence. The major focus of networking is gaining contacts, leads and referrals without any personal gifts expected7. How business is conducted in Guanxi The way business is conducted in china is different in many ways from how the western world conducts theirs8. First Chinese businesses prefer to the transaction with people they know and trust relying on relationships, as opposed to who offers the best deal. For an organization that wishes to do business with the Chinese, it has to establish a relationship with the necessary parties who will get to know them first before any business deal is sealed. These relations hips do not simply mean companies getting to know each other but also the individuals involved at a personal level through visits, participating in activities together such as sports and informal meetings among others. These are not one off affair that is done before deals are signed, but an ongoing proces9. This means this relationship has to be maintained if more business relations are expected. How to establish a relationship in Guanxi Guanxi is established first by treating someone with decency and then showing trustworthiness whether on individual or company level10. If a Chinese establishes you can be trusted, he/she is likely to do more business with you. In order to strengthen this relationship, dependability and reliability are very crucial where you can be counted on in good and hard times. Finally, making regular contacts with each other cultivates understanding and emotional bonding and at this level, you are already friends and the Chinese will feel compelled to do busi ness with you first. In another aspect of Guanxi, is the relationships with high rank officials which is still of paramount importance in conducting successful business in China though this culture of political and administrative interference is reducing11. Companies that do business with government subsidiaries still find this important but for those that do not need help from the government it is of less importance.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Differences between the Chinese Guanxi (Connections) and Australian’s specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Guanxi at another form function as information resources network and for companies that have a wide relationship web, they are able to achieve much better results than those that have little or no relationship with Chinese12. Differences of Australian’s networking with guanxi Australian networking in business takes the form of marketing relationshi ps or business networks that those involved have nothing to do with each other at a personal level. On the other hand, Guanxi in China involves personal relationships where business is all about individuals involved and interact at a personal level even before they conduct any form of business13. In Australian, business networks involves companies and goods in the industry that are being traded with, and the relationships they create at the business level, as opposed to a single employee being the center of the relationship. In China, however, Guanxi is seen as property of an individual working at a personal level; therefore, the company is utilizing the Guanxi assets of its employees. This means that when the person leaves the company, this asset of the networks he/she had created is lost to the organization14. In Australia business networks or relationships are between parties who are exchanging products or ideas in their transactions and money is involved. In the Guanxi, the pers ons involved often do not have goods or services they are exchanging and, therefore, are neither buyers or sellers or even business partners. These are often exchanging connections and other favors as it may involve a businessman or an employee of a company with a government official or a person with a connection to a government official. Example as described by15 is of an executive of an overseas company who has a friend in close to a key government official, and is constantly fed information on an upcoming project and the executive gives appropriate presentation based on this information and gets the tender. In the western business networks, customers and the companies or business partners are all part of the network which does not extend beyond business while, in guanxi customers, business partners or even the organization may not be part of it since it involves private contacts that relate at a personal, informal and clandestine exchanges. In the above example, the executive of the overseas company and his informant friend in the government have a personal relationship and exchange information secretary and informally without the involvement of the organizations they work for16.Advertising Looking for essay on business communication? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In Australia, the form of information exchanged between the executive and the Chinese government officials, obviously with a reward, is unethical and constitutes to bribery. Law is broken and this can lead to serious actions taken against the participants, but in China, this is perfectly alright, it is an example of Guanxi at work17. Conclusion Chinese networking (Guanxi) and Australian networking are clearly very different from each other. This is in terms of the level of involvement where in Australia businesses relate at the organization level while in china personal relationships are involved. Relationships are also viewed as a personal property in Guanxi while this is not the case in Australia. In Guanxi, also personal gifts exchange hands between parties while this is not the case in Australian networks and finally, Guanxi will be viewed as bribery and law breaking in Australia while, in China, this is perfectly legal. Bibliography Coopes, Amy. â€Å"Australia is social netwo rking capital of the world.† The Telegraph, 2010. Fan, Ying. â€Å"Guanxi’s Conseguences: personal gains at social cost.† Journal of  Business Ethics, 2002: 371-380. Gao, Hongmei. â€Å"Comparing Chinese guanxi with American networking for foreign-born Chinese job seekers in the U.S.† Business Library, 2007. Web. Hinner, Michael. Chinese and Western business cultures: A comparison and contrast.  Australia: Peter lang Publishing, Inc, 2005. Lo, Vincent. â€Å"Chinese Business Culture: Guanxi, An Important Chinese Business Element.† Los Angeles Chinese Learning Center.  Web. Mungenast, Hannes. Chinese Business Culture. Germany: GRIN Verlag, 2007. Reuvid, Jonathan. Doing Business with China. United States of America: GMB Publishing, 2005. Sun, Ted. Inside the Chinese business mind: a tactical guide for managers. United States of America: ABC-CLIO, 2010. Vanhonacker, Wilfried. â€Å"Guanxi Networks in China: how to be the spider not the fly.†Ã‚  The China Business Review, 2004: 48-60. Wray, Richard, and Heather Stewart. â€Å"Western business struggles to break Chinese barriers.† The Guardian, March 28, 2010: 8. Footnotes 1 Lo, Vincent. â€Å"Chinese Business Culture: Guanxi, An Important Chinese Business Element.† Los Angeles Chinese Learning Center. 2 Sun, Ted. Inside the Chinese business mind: a tactical guide for managers. United States of America: ABC-CLIO, 2010. 3 Gao, Hongmei. â€Å"Comparing Chinese guanxi with American networking for foreign-born Chinese job seekers in the U.S.† Busioness Library, 2007. 4 Vanhonacker, Wilfried. â€Å"Guanxi Networks in China: how to be the spider not the fly.†Ã‚  The China Business Review, 2004: 48-60. 5 Fan, Ying. â€Å"Guanxi’s Conseguences: personal gains at social cost.† Journal of  Businesss Ethics, 2002: 371-380. 6 Coopes, Amy. â€Å"Australia is social networking capital of the world.† The Telegraph, 2010. 7 Hinner, Mi chael. Chinese and Western business cultures: A comparison and contrast.  Australia: Peter lang Publishing, Inc, 2005. 8 Gao, Hongmei. â€Å"Comparing Chinese guanxi with American networking for foreign-born Chinese job seekers in the U.S.† Busioness Library, 2007. 9 Hinner, Michael. Chinese and Western business cultures: A comparison and contrast.  Australia: Peter lang Publishing, Inc, 2005. 10 Wray, Richard, and Heather Stewart. â€Å"Western business struggles to break Chinese barriers.† The Guardian, March 28, 2010: 8. 11 Hinner, Michael. Chinese and Western business cultures: A comparison and contrast.  Australia: Peter lang Publishing, Inc, 2005. 12 Mungenast, Hannes. Chinese Business Culture. Germany: GRIN Verlag, 2007. 13 Reuvid, Jonathan. Doing Business with China. United States of America: GMB Publishing, 2005. 14 Sun, Ted. Inside the Chinese business mind: a tactical guide for managers. United States of America: ABC-CLIO, 2010. 15 Vanhonacker, Wilfrie d. â€Å"Guanxi Networks in China: how to be the spider not the fly.†Ã‚  The China Business Review, 2004: 48-60. 16 Gao, Hongmei. â€Å"Comparing Chinese guanxi with American networking for foreign- born Chinese job seekers in the U.S.† Busioness Library, 2007. 17 Fan, Ying. â€Å"Guanxi’s Conseguences: personal gains at social cost.† Journal of  Businesss Ethics, 2002: 371-380. This essay on The Differences between the Chinese Guanxi (Connections) and Australian’s was written and submitted by user Farrah Rodgers to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Development of Cryptology Essay

Development of Cryptology Essay Development of Cryptology Essay Modular Arithmetic Modular Arithmetic is a type of maths which falls under the number theory category, and gives us a whole new perspective when looking at numbers. The most common use of this idea is through clocks where after you get to 12 the clock resets back to 1. Which then leads to these strange equations such as: 7 + 9 = 4 Or 9 + 9 = 6 When looking at these equations one might see them as being incorrect, which they are for a normal mathematical equations, but true using clock arithmetic1. For example 10 o’clock is 4 hours before 2 o’clock, so what we are really doing is 2 - 4 = -2 and then adding 12 to that answer. .Ë™. 2 - 4 + 12 = 10. This then brings about the idea of congruences, which we will need to use in order to understand some encryption systems. Looking back on our clock arithmetic we could also write them as congruences using a modulus. A modulus â€Å"is a number that is used as a divisor for considering number sets, numbers being considered congruent when giving the same remainder when divided by a particular modulus†2. When in clock arithmetic we are using a modulus of 12. So looking at our past example our equations become: 7 + 9 = 16 ≠£ 4 (mod 12) and 9 + 9 = 18 ≠£ 6 (mod 12) So we get 16 is congruent to 4 modulo 12 and 18 is congruent to 6 modulo 12 But we do not always have to use Modulus 12 when doing Modular Arithmetic, we can also use other numbers that are greater than 1. Such as using a Modulo 7: 23 ≠£ 2 (mod 7) and 9 ≠£ 2 (mod 7) We can see that the difference between the two numbers can be divided by the modulus. For example 23 - 2 = 21, which can be divided into 7 evenly. 21 à · 7 = 3. It’s this simple way of looking at numbers that gives us a big help when we are dealing with larger numbers. From the larger number, we can reduce it to a smaller number modulo m (m = any integer greater than 1). Such as what we have done with the number 23, we have found that its congruent partner is 2 (mod 7), making it an easier number to work with. Cryptography Have you ever wondered how a bank keeps your financial secrets safe and locked away so no one but you can access them? Or even how companies on the internet such as face book, store all of your personal information and keeps it safe? Well, it’s because of the simple idea of cryptography that you can sleep at night knowing that all of your information is safe. Cryptography is defined as â€Å"the art of writing or solving codes†3 and is one of the most important areas of study that exists in the world today. Codes aren’t only used to store our personal information, their main use was to assist the military in sending important messages to allies without their enemies finding out what the message said. Cryptography uses some different terminology that you might not understand, so let’s just go over some of the key words that will come up in this investigation. The uncoded or original message will be referred to as the Plaintext. The act of encoding a message is known as Encryption and the result of all of this is what is called the Ciphertext. The act of changing the Ciphertext back to plain text is called Decrypting. Both the processes of Encrypting and Decrypting both rely on a certain piece of information called the Key. The key is like a password and holds all of the information needed to decrypt and encrypt a message. Without the key decrypting and encrypting is made a lot more difficult, but we call this Breaking the Code4. When creating codes we write the plaintext in lower case letters (abcd) and we write the ciphertext in upper case letters (ABCD), this is so we can tell which is which. Substitution Cipher The first cipher we will look at is a substitution cipher. A substitution cipher is one of the more common and easy to work with ciphers where we simply replace one letter with another letter and do this for every other